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Vāstu-Śastras include chapters on home construction, town planning, and how efficient villages, towns and kingdoms integrated temples, water bodies and gardens within them to achieve harmony with nature. By 6th century AD, Sanskrit texts for constructing palatial temples were in circulation in India. There exist many Vāstu-Śastras on the art of building houses, temples, towns and cities. The architect and artists (Silpins) were given wide latitude to experiment and express their creativity. Many of these are about Hindu temple layout (above), design and construction, along with chapters on design principles for houses, villages, towns. Description Īncient India produced many Sanskrit texts of architecture, called Vastu Sastra. However, these may be mythology and reflect the Indian tradition to credit mythical sages and deities. According to Michael Meister, a scholar of Indian architecture, we must acknowledge that Varahamihira does mention his own sources on vastu as older texts and sages. For example, Chapter 53 of the Brihat Samhita is titled "On architecture", and there and elsewhere it discusses elements of vastu sastra such as "planning cities and buildings" and "house structures, orientation, storeys, building balconies" along with other topics. Varahamihira's Brihat Samhita dated to about the sixth century CE is among the earliest known Indian texts with dedicated chapters with principles of architecture. However, these are ritual artifacts and they are not buildings or temples or broader objects of a lasting architecture. For example, the mathematical rules and steps for constructing Vedic yajna square for the sacrificial fire are in the Sulba-sutras dated to 4th-century BCE. Vastu sastras are stated by some to have roots in pre-1st-century CE literature, but these views suffer from being a matter of interpretation. Meister, the Atharvaveda contains verses with mystic cosmogony which provide a paradigm for cosmic planning, but they did not represent architecture nor a developed practice. According to Chakrabarti, Vastu Vidya is as old the Vedic period and linked to the ritual architecture. Theories tracing links of the principles of composition in vastu shastra and the Indus Valley civilization have been made, but scholar Kapila Vatsyayan considers this as speculation as the Indus Valley script remains undeciphered. Vastu, crafts and architecture are traditionally attributed to the divine Vishwakarma in the Hindu pantheon. Some town plans recommended in the 700 CE Manasara vastu text. They have little knowledge of what the historic Vastu-sastra texts actually teach, and they frame it in terms of a "religious tradition", rather than ground it in any "architectural theory" therein. In contemporary India, states Chakrabarti, consultants that include "quacks, priests and astrologers" fueled by greed are marketing pseudoscience and superstition in the name of Vastu-sastras. Ancient Vastu Shastra principles include those for the design of Mandir ( Hindu temples), and the principles for the design and layout of houses, towns, cities, gardens, roads, water works, shops and other public areas. Rather, these ideas and concepts are models for the organisation of space and form within a building or collection of buildings, based on their functions in relation to each other, their usage and the overall fabric of the Vastu. Vastu Vidya is a collection of ideas and concepts, with or without the support of layout diagrams, that are not rigid. Vastu Shastra are the textual part of Vastu Vidya - the broader knowledge about architecture and design theories from ancient India.